Skip to content
EconToMarks

Study

Build better answers from real economics

Find an example, see the chain behind it, test the evaluation, and use the evidence where it earns marks.

Example finder

Start with the question you need to answer

1 example in this view

Clear
7 August 2026 · United KingdomReal exampleDeep Dive12-marker15-marker

CMA proposes Aldi and Lidl face supermarket land-agreement rules

On 7 August 2026 the Competition and Markets Authority provisionally decided that Aldi, Lidl GB and Lidl NI should be covered by supermarket land-agreement rules designed to stop large grocery retailers making it harder for rivals to open nearby. The case turns an abstract idea — barriers to entry — into a concrete competition-policy example.

Chain

Restrictive land agreements can block nearby rival entry → barriers to entry rise → local markets become less contestable → incumbents face weaker competitive pressure → prices, choice or innovation may be worse for consumers → competition rules can lower the artificial entry barrier

Evaluation

Removing restrictive covenants can improve contestability, but it does not guarantee new entry. Suitable sites, planning constraints, scale economies, brand loyalty and local demand can remain significant barriers. The CMA decision is also provisional, so students should distinguish the proposed intervention from a final legal outcome.

Diagram

Stylised monopoly diagram using AR, MR and MC to compare weaker competitive pressure with a more contestable market; do not claim Aldi or Lidl is a monopoly

Practice

Apply the evidence yourself

Use a real example to practise the chain, evaluation and judgement instead of memorising a model essay.

12-marker

Evaluate the likely effectiveness of competition policy in increasing consumer welfare in oligopolistic markets.

Review the Deep Dive →